{
  "paper_id": "review_20251127_212644",
  "claims": [
    {
      "claim_id": "C01",
      "claim_text": "This study employs a mixed-methods approach Creswell & Creswell (2018).",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Creswell & Creswell, 2018"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C02",
      "claim_text": "The research is informed by theoretical frameworks of epistemic justice Fricker (2007) and moral witnessing Zelizer (2021).",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Fricker, 2007",
        "Zelizer, 2021"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "References provided match claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C03",
      "claim_text": "The quantitative component examines approximately 9,200 records from an ACLED-derived dataset spanning October 2023 to July 2025.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for dataset existence or timeframe."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C04",
      "claim_text": "The qualitative analysis employs thematic analysis Flick (2014); Braun & Clarke (2006).",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Flick, 2014",
        "Braun & Clarke, 2006"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "References provided match claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C05",
      "claim_text": "Conflict event data has become increasingly important for understanding patterns of violence, with datasets like ACLED providing systematic documentation of political violence Raleigh et al. (2010).",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Raleigh et al., 2010"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C06",
      "claim_text": "In digital witnessing research, scholars have examined how citizens use digital platforms to document human rights violations and challenge official narratives Allan (2017).",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Allan, 2017"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C07",
      "claim_text": "The epistemic injustice framework Fricker (2007) provides theoretical grounding for understanding how marginalized voices face systematic credibility deficits.",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Fricker, 2007"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C08",
      "claim_text": "The work of Fricker (2007) on epistemic injustice illuminates how Palestinian testimonies face systematic credibility deficits due to structural power imbalances.",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Fricker, 2007"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C09",
      "claim_text": "Similarly, Margalit (2002) offers insights into the ethics of memory and how communities preserve historical truth against institutional forgetting or distortion.",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Margalit, 2002"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C10",
      "claim_text": "The work of Allan (2017) on citizen journalism provides a foundation for understanding how digital witnessing transforms conflict documentation practices.",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Allan, 2017"
      ],
      "label": "SUPPORTED",
      "hallucination_score": 0,
      "notes": "Reference provided matches claim."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C11",
      "claim_text": "The study utilizes a concurrent mixed-methods design where quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analyzed simultaneously to address the research questions.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 1,
      "notes": "Plausible method, no direct evidence."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C12",
      "claim_text": "The primary data source is an ACLED-derived dataset Raleigh et al. (2010) containing approximately 9,200 records of political violence, demonstrations, and civilian targeting events across Gaza, West Bank, and Israel from October 2023 to July 2025.",
      "evidence_used": [
        "Raleigh et al., 2010"
      ],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "Reference does not support specific dataset or timeframe."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C13",
      "claim_text": "The final qualitative sample consisted of 347 digital testimonies that met inclusion criteria.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for sample size or criteria."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C14",
      "claim_text": "The analysis of 9,200 conflict events reveals significant temporal concentration of violence, with the highest intensity occurring during the initial escalation period from October to December 2023.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for dataset or temporal analysis."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C15",
      "claim_text": "During this three-month period, 1,824 events were recorded, resulting in 10,423 fatalities with an average of 5.7 fatalities per event.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or fatalities."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C16",
      "claim_text": "Violence remained sustained from January to March 2024, with 1,540 events and 8,132 fatalities, though the average fatalities per event decreased slightly to 5.3.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or fatalities."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C17",
      "claim_text": "The subsequent period from April to June 2024 showed a notable reduction to 835 events and 3,476 fatalities.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or fatalities."
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    {
      "claim_id": "C18",
      "claim_text": "However, violence escalated again from July to December 2024 with 1,213 events and 5,612 fatalities.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or fatalities."
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    {
      "claim_id": "C19",
      "claim_text": "The final period from January to July 2025 showed continued de-escalation with 971 events and 3,202 fatalities.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or fatalities."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C20",
      "claim_text": "The Gaza Strip experienced the highest concentration of violence, with 4,320 events representing 47 percent of all recorded incidents.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or percentages."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C21",
      "claim_text": "These events resulted in 23,011 fatalities, with civilian involvement noted in 79 percent of cases.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for fatality counts or percentages."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C22",
      "claim_text": "The West Bank accounted for 2,145 events (23 percent of total) and 3,408 fatalities, with civilian involvement in 62 percent of cases.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or percentages."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C23",
      "claim_text": "Israel recorded 2,735 events (30 percent of total) and 1,985 fatalities, with only 18 percent civilian involvement.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or percentages."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C24",
      "claim_text": "Airstrikes and bombings constituted the largest category with 3,112 events (34 percent of total), resulting in the highest average fatalities per event at 6.4.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or percentages."
    },
    {
      "claim_id": "C25",
      "claim_text": "Armed clashes represented the second largest category with 2,447 events (27 percent) and an average of 3.8 fatalities per event.",
      "evidence_used": [],
      "label": "NO_EVIDENCE",
      "hallucination_score": 2,
      "notes": "No evidence for event counts or percentages."
    }
  ],
  "summary": {
    "supported_claims": 9,
    "refuted_claims": 0,
    "no_evidence_claims": 16,
    "hallucination_risk": "HIGH",
    "hallucination_index": 0.64
  },
  "metadata": {
    "model": "deepseek-chat",
    "paper_id": "review_20251127_212644",
    "max_claims": 25,
    "paper_title": "Untitled"
  }
}