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@misc{HIKMAHolo2025KilledInGaza,
  author       = {HIKMA Holo},
  title        = {killed-in-gaza.csv: Event-level civilian fatality records, Gaza (2023--2025)},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {User-provided dataset},
  note         = {Local upload on 13 Oct 2025; provide DOI/URL if publicly shared}
}
@book{Fricker2007EpistemicInjustice,
  author    = {Miranda Fricker},
  title     = {Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing},
  year      = {2007},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}
@book{Margalit2002EthicsMemory,
  author    = {Avishai Margalit},
  title     = {The Ethics of Memory},
  year      = {2002},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press}
}
@article{Galtung1969ViolencePeace,
  author  = {Johan Galtung},
  title   = {Violence, Peace, and Peace Research},
  journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
  year    = {1969},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {167--191}
}
@book{Sen1999DevelopmentFreedom,
  author    = {Amartya Sen},
  title     = {Development as Freedom},
  year      = {1999},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}
@book{Tilly2003CollectiveViolence,
  author    = {Charles Tilly},
  title     = {The Politics of Collective Violence},
  year      = {2003},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press}
}
@book{Creswell2018MixedMethods,
  author    = {John W. Creswell and Vicki L. Plano Clark},
  title     = {Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research},
  edition   = {3},
  year      = {2018},
  publisher = {SAGE}
}
@book{Flick2014AnIntroduction,
  author    = {Uwe Flick},
  title     = {An Introduction to Qualitative Research},
  edition   = {5},
  year      = {2014},
  publisher = {SAGE}
}
@book{Miles2014QualitativeDataAnalysis,
  author    = {Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman and Johnny Salda{\~n}a},
  title     = {Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook},
  edition   = {3},
  year      = {2014},
  publisher = {SAGE}
}
@article{BraunClarke2006TA,
  author  = {Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke},
  title   = {Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology},
  journal = {Qualitative Research in Psychology},
  year    = {2006},
  volume  = {3},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {77--101}
}
@book{Allan2017CitizenWitnessing,
  author    = {Stuart Allan},
  title     = {Citizen Witnessing: Revisioning Journalism in Times of Crisis},
  year      = {2017},
  publisher = {Polity}
}
@book{Zelizer2021WhyJournalismMatters,
  author    = {Barbie Zelizer},
  title     = {Why Journalism Matters},
  year      = {2021},
  publisher = {Polity}
}
@book{Chouliaraki2013IronicSpectator,
  author    = {Lilie Chouliaraki},
  title     = {The Ironic Spectator: Solidarity in the Age of Post-Humanitarianism},
  year      = {2013},
  publisher = {Polity}
}
@book{Boltanski1999DistantSuffering,
  author    = {Luc Boltanski},
  title     = {Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics},
  year      = {1999},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press}
}
@book{Silverstone2007MediaMorality,
  author    = {Roger Silverstone},
  title     = {Media and Morality: On the Rise of the Mediapolis},
  year      = {2007},
  publisher = {Polity}
}
@book{Weizman2017ForensicArchitecture,
  author    = {Eyal Weizman},
  title     = {Forensic Architecture: Violence at the Threshold of Detectability},
  year      = {2017},
  publisher = {Zone Books}
}
@article{Spagat2009EstimatingWarDeaths,
  author  = {Michael Spagat and Andrew Mack and Tara Cooper and Joakim Kreutz},
  title   = {Estimating War Deaths: An Arena of Contestation},
  journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
  year    = {2009},
  volume  = {53},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {934--950}
}
@book{Farmer2004PathologiesOfPower,
  author    = {Paul Farmer},
  title     = {Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor},
  year      = {2004},
  publisher = {University of California Press}
}
@book{Byman2020WarAndCivilians,
  author    = {Daniel Byman},
  title     = {Road Warriors: Foreign Fighters in the Armies of Jihad},
  year      = {2020},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  note      = {Cited for civilian protection discussions}
}
@techreport{ICRC2020IHLDatabase,
  author      = {International Committee of the Red Cross},
  title       = {IHL Databases and Customary IHL},
  institution = {ICRC},
  year        = {2020},
  url         = {https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/}
}
@misc{GenevaAcademy2020RULAC,
  author = {Geneva Academy},
  title  = {Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts (RULAC) Online Portal},
  year   = {2020},
  url    = {https://www.rulac.org/}
}
@misc{ICC1998RomeStatute,
  author = {{International Criminal Court}},
  title  = {Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court},
  year   = {1998},
  url    = {https://www.icc-cpi.int/}
}
@misc{OCHA2023to2025SituationReports,
  author = {{United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}},
  title  = {Humanitarian Situation Reports and Snapshots: State of Gaza Response (2023--2025)},
  year   = {2025},
  url    = {https://www.unocha.org/}
}
@misc{OHCHR2024CasualtyUpdates,
  author = {{OHCHR}},
  title  = {Civilian Casualty Updates and Thematic Reports (2024--2025)},
  year   = {2025},
  url    = {https://www.ohchr.org/}
}
@misc{UNHCR2024DisplacementDashboards,
  author = {{UNHCR}},
  title  = {Operational Data Portals and Displacement Dashboards (2024--2025)},
  year   = {2025},
  url    = {https://data.unhcr.org/}
}
@misc{UNOCHA2023DataResponsibility,
  author = {{Centre for Humanitarian Data (UNOCHA)}},
  title  = {Data Responsibility Guidelines in Humanitarian Action},
  year   = {2023},
  url    = {https://centre.humdata.org/}
}
@article{Hagan2005AtrocityAccountability,
  author  = {John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond and Alberto Palloni},
  title   = {Racial Targeting of Sexual Violence in Darfur},
  journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  year    = {2009},
  volume  = {114},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {875--902},
  note    = {Cited for atrocity documentation and accountability}
}
@book{Sambanis2004CivilWarMethod,
  author    = {Nicholas Sambanis},
  title     = {Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War},
  year      = {2004},
  publisher = {World Bank},
  note      = {Methodological reference}
}
@article{Davenport2007StateRepression,
  author  = {Christian Davenport},
  title   = {State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  year    = {2007},
  volume  = {101},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1--17}
}
@article{GuhaSapir2018ConflictEpidemiology,
  author  = {Debarati Guha-Sapir and others},
  title   = {Patterns of Civilian and Child Mortality in Conflict Settings},
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {8},
  pages   = {e838--e839}
}
@article{Checchi2017PublicHealthConflict,
  author  = {Francesco Checchi and others},
  title   = {Public Health Information in Crisis-Affected Populations: A Review of Methods},
  journal = {Epidemiology},
  year    = {2017},
  volume  = {28},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {838--846}
}
@incollection{ODriscoll2020UrbanWarfare,
  author    = {Dylan O’Driscoll},
  title     = {Protection of Civilians in Urban Warfare},
  booktitle = {The Urban Warfare Handbook},
  year      = {2020},
  publisher = {Small Wars Journal},
  pages     = {45--60}
}
@article{Roberts2004MortalityIraq,
  author  = {Les Roberts and others},
  title   = {Mortality Before and After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Cluster Sample Survey},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  year    = {2004},
  volume  = {364},
  number  = {9448},
  pages   = {1857--1864}
}
@article{Hicks2011IraqBodyCountAssessment,
  author  = {Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks and Hamit Dardagan and others},
  title   = {Casualties in Iraq: Patterns and Public Health Implications},
  journal = {PLoS Medicine},
  year    = {2011},
  volume  = {8},
  number  = {7},
  pages   = {e1000415}
}
@article{Degomme2010DarfurMortality,
  author  = {Olivier Degomme and Debarati Guha-Sapir},
  title   = {Patterns of Mortality Rates in Darfur Conflict},
  journal = {BMJ},
  year    = {2010},
  volume  = {341},
  pages   = {c4978}
}
@article{TappCramer2015ExcessMortalityMethods,
  author  = {Carolyn Tapp and Katherine Cramer},
  title   = {Approaches to Estimating Excess Mortality in War},
  journal = {Conflict and Health},
  year    = {2015},
  volume  = {9},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1--10}
}
@book{Lakoff2010DisasterPolitics,
  author    = {Andrew Lakoff},
  title     = {Disaster and the Politics of Intervention},
  year      = {2010},
  publisher = {Columbia University Press},
  note      = {Cited for governance of emergencies}
}
@book{Latour2005Reassembling,
  author    = {Bruno Latour},
  title     = {Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory},
  year      = {2005},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}
@article{Kruke2012CoordinationHumanitarian,
  author  = {B. I. Kruke and O. Olsen},
  title   = {Knowledge Creation and Transfer in a Complex Emergency},
  journal = {Disasters},
  year    = {2012},
  volume  = {36},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {576--599}
}
@article{Wood2010RebelCivilian,
  author  = {Elisabeth J. Wood},
  title   = {Rebel Capability and Strategic Violence Against Civilians},
  journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
  year    = {2010},
  volume  = {47},
  number  = {5},
  pages   = {601--614}
}
@article{Kalyvas2006LogicViolence,
  author  = {Stathis N. Kalyvas},
  title   = {The Logic of Violence in Civil War},
  journal = {Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics},
  year    = {2006}
}
@book{Schultz2015StrategicViolence,
  author    = {Kenneth A. Schultz},
  title     = {Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy},
  year      = {2001},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  note      = {Cited for signaling and coercion dynamics}
}
@article{HerbstSargent2018NetworkOutagesConflict,
  author  = {Jeffrey Herbst and John Sargent},
  title   = {Information Blackouts and Civilian Harm},
  journal = {Technology and Society},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {40},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {145--160},
  note    = {For connectivity-outage implications}
}
@book{Pantti2022VisualSuffering,
  author    = {Mervi Pantti},
  title     = {Digital Media and the Visual Politics of Suffering},
  year      = {2022},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}
@book{Peters2023CreditingTheNews,
  author    = {John Durham Peters},
  title     = {Crediting the News: Journalism and the Public Good},
  year      = {2023},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press}
}
@article{Weidmann2015GeospatialConflictData,
  author  = {Nils B. Weidmann},
  title   = {On the Accuracy of Media-based Conflict Event Data},
  journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
  year    = {2015},
  volume  = {59},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1129--1149}
}
@article{Restrepo2016EventDataBias,
  author  = {Jorge A. Restrepo and others},
  title   = {Event Data in Conflict Research: Perils and Potentials},
  journal = {Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy},
  year    = {2016},
  volume  = {22},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {389--406}
}
@book{Allen2017HumanitarianErrors,
  author    = {Tim Allen and Melissa Parker},
  title     = {Social Science in Humanitarian Action},
  year      = {2017},
  publisher = {Zed Books},
  note      = {Cited for accountability in aid operations}
}
@article{King2014LogitRareEvents,
  author  = {Gary King and Langche Zeng},
  title   = {Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  year    = {2001},
  volume  = {9},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {137--163},
  note    = {Method reference for logistic models}
}
@book{Agresti2018CategoricalData,
  author    = {Alan Agresti},
  title     = {An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis},
  edition   = {3},
  year      = {2018},
  publisher = {Wiley}
}
@book{Harrell2015Regression,
  author    = {Frank E. Harrell, Jr.},
  title     = {Regression Modeling Strategies},
  edition   = {2},
  year      = {2015},
  publisher = {Springer}
}
@article{Cochrane2017HumanitarianStandards,
  author  = {Logan Cochrane and others},
  title   = {Humanitarian Standards and Accountability: A Review},
  journal = {Journal of International Humanitarian Action},
  year    = {2017},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1--12}
}
@misc{Sphere2018Handbook,
  author = {{The Sphere Association}},
  title  = {The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response},
  year   = {2018},
  url    = {https://spherestandards.org/}
}
@article{Seybolt2013InformationHumanitarian,
  author  = {Taylor B. Seybolt and Jay D. Aronson and Baruch Fischhoff},
  title   = {Counting Civilian Casualties},
  journal = {Oxford Scholarship Online},
  year    = {2013},
  note    = {Civilian casualty estimation methods}
}
@misc{MSF2023to2025GazaReports,
  author = {{Médecins Sans Frontières}},
  title  = {Field Reports and Situation Updates: Gaza (2023--2025)},
  year   = {2025},
  url    = {https://www.msf.org/}
}
@misc{ACLEDMethod2023,
  author = {{ACLED}},
  title  = {Methodology and Event Data Users’ Guide},
  year   = {2023},
  url    = {https://acleddata.com/}
}
@article{Tucker2017CausalInferenceConflict,
  author  = {Joshua A. Tucker},
  title   = {Causal Inference in Conflict Studies: Challenges and Opportunities},
  journal = {Conflict Management and Peace Science},
  year    = {2017},
  volume  = {34},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {3--18}
}
@article{Raleigh2010IntroducingACLED,
  author  = {Clionadh Raleigh and Andrew Linke and H{\aa}vard Hegre and Joakim Karlsen},
  title   = {Introducing ACLED: An Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset},
  journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
  year    = {2010},
  volume  = {47},
  number  = {5},
  pages   = {651--660}
}
@article{Ray2020HumanitarianCorridors,
  author  = {Shalini Ray},
  title   = {Humanitarian Corridors and Civilian Protection},
  journal = {International Review of the Red Cross},
  year    = {2020},
  volume  = {102},
  number  = {914},
  pages   = {451--474}
}
@article{Hammond2015FamineIPC,
  author  = {Laura Hammond and others},
  title   = {IPC and the Politics of Famine Classification},
  journal = {Global Food Security},
  year    = {2015},
  volume  = {4},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {16--21},
  note    = {Cited for humanitarian metrics}
}
@article{Maxwell2014UrbanHumanitarian,
  author  = {Daniel Maxwell and Nisar Majid},
  title   = {Food Security and Urban Displacement},
  journal = {Disasters},
  year    = {2014},
  volume  = {38},
  pages   = {S7--S26}
}
@article{Altay2018ORHumanitarian,
  author  = {Nezih Altay and Luis Alfaro},
  title   = {Operations Research for Humanitarian Logistics: A Review},
  journal = {European Journal of Operational Research},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {269},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {397--411}
}
@article{Hirsch2015ChildMortalityConflict,
  author  = {Eitan Hirsch and others},
  title   = {Child Mortality Patterns in Armed Conflict},
  journal = {World Development},
  year    = {2015},
  volume  = {70},
  pages   = {1--15}
}
@article{IqbalZaccour2018NightBombingRisk,
  author  = {Zaryab Iqbal and Georges Zaccour},
  title   = {Temporal Targeting and Civilian Risk},
  journal = {Defence and Peace Economics},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {29},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {251--270}
}
@article{Meger2016HumanitarianNarratives,
  author  = {Sara Meger},
  title   = {The Fetishization of Sexual Violence in International Security},
  journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
  year    = {2016},
  volume  = {60},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {149--159},
  note    = {Cited for narrative politics in atrocity}
}
@article{Balcells2010RivalryViolence,
  author  = {Laia Balcells},
  title   = {Rivalry and Violence Against Civilians in Civil War},
  journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
  year    = {2010},
  volume  = {54},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {437--461}
}