\documentclass{article} 

\usepackage{iclr2024_conference}
\usepackage{times}

% Optional packages
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % allow utf-8 input
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}    % use 8-bit T1 fonts
\usepackage{hyperref}       % hyperlinks
\usepackage{url}            % simple URL typesetting
\usepackage{booktabs}       % professional-quality tables
\usepackage{amsfonts}       % blackboard math symbols
\usepackage{nicefrac}       % compact symbols for 1/2, etc.
\usepackage{microtype}      % microtypography
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{algorithm}
\usepackage{algpseudocode}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}

\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}


\title{``Numbers That Speak'': Digital Witnessing and Moral Trust in the War in Gaza Dataset}

\author{ACB\\
Department of Computer Science\\
University of LLMs\\
}

\newcommand{\fix}{\marginpar{FIX}}
\newcommand{\new}{\marginpar{NEW}}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This study examines the War in Gaza dataset as a form of digital witnessing that systematically documents incidents, casualties, and locations across Gaza and the West Bank from 2023 to 2024. We investigate how quantitative data can serve as moral testimony in contexts where traditional reporting faces fragmentation due to geopolitical constraints and information suppression. The complexity of this issue stems from competing narratives, social trauma, and the inherent tension between numerical abstraction and human dignity. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates quantitative analysis of temporal and regional patterns with qualitative thematic coding of incident descriptors, this research treats each data entry as a unit of collective memory to provide insight into Palestinian lived experiences. Methodological rigor is established through triangulation, cross-validation across sources, transparent data procedures, and thematic saturation in qualitative analysis. Our findings indicate that digital enumeration extends human witnessing by transforming dispersed testimonies into credible evidence networks, while simultaneously raising critical ethical considerations regarding the algorithmic mediation of suffering and the role of data platforms in constructing moral authority for future accountability processes.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Digital documentation of violence in the West Bank and Gaza has proliferated across open data repositories since October 2023. These records provide an alternative to traditional reporting, which often faces constraints due to geopolitical pressures and information suppression. The \textit{War in Gaza} dataset systematically aggregates daily casualty and incident data from verified sources, creating a numerical archive of events. Each entry in this dataset functions as a unit of testimony that documents Palestinian experiences through quantitative abstraction. This study examines how such data operates as digital witnessing and moral testimony in contexts where traditional reporting mechanisms are fragmented.

The complexity of documenting violence in this context arises from multiple factors. Historical narratives of conflict generate competing interpretations of events. Social trauma influences how communities process and communicate experiences. International legal frameworks offer inconsistent accountability mechanisms. Information ecosystems reflect power imbalances that determine which voices are amplified and which are silenced. These conditions necessitate new approaches to establish credibility and preserve memory through documentation. Digital datasets present potential tools for navigating these complexities, though their use raises questions about representation and ethical mediation.

A qualitative approach facilitates interpretation of Palestinian experiences by examining contextual elements surrounding numerical data. This includes analysis of narrative descriptors attached to incidents, investigation of community communication through data platforms, and exploration of institutional framing of conflict information. By treating data entries as units of collective memory, this research provides insight into how Palestinian communities utilize digital tools to document experiences that might otherwise remain unrecorded. The approach recognizes that numbers alone cannot capture the full complexity of lived experiences, but when properly contextualized, they can serve as significant artifacts of collective testimony.

This research addresses three core questions derived from theories of moral witnessing \citep{margalit2002ethics} and epistemic trust \citep{fricker2007epistemic}: 
\begin{enumerate}
    \item How do digital testimonies in conflict datasets construct authenticity and credibility?
    \item What communicative features foster epistemic trust in numerical evidence of violence?
    \item How does platform or institutional framing shape the moral reception of conflict data?
\end{enumerate}
These questions guide our investigation into how quantitative data can serve as credible moral testimony in conflict zones.

The study contributes to understanding digital witnessing in conflict contexts through several key aspects. It positions numerical conflict datasets as legitimate forms of digital witnessing that extend moral testimony beyond traditional paradigms. It develops a mixed-methods framework for analyzing both quantitative patterns and qualitative themes in conflict data. It identifies specific mechanisms through which numerical data gains moral authority and epistemic trust. Finally, it raises critical ethical considerations about the algorithmic mediation of human suffering.

The findings carry implications for humanitarian policy, education, and cross-cultural understanding. Humanitarian organizations may utilize these insights to design more effective data collection systems that balance factual accuracy with ethical representation. Educational institutions could incorporate digital witnessing into curricula concerning conflict documentation and human rights. Cross-cultural understanding might be enhanced through transparent data sharing that provides alternative perspectives on complex conflicts. These implications extend beyond the immediate context to other situations where traditional reporting faces constraints.

The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related work in conflict documentation and testimony studies. Section 3 provides background on the War in Gaza dataset and its context. Section 4 presents our mixed-methods methodology. Section 5 reports quantitative and qualitative findings. Section 6 discusses the implications of these findings for digital witnessing. Section 7 concludes with limitations and future research directions.

\section{Related Work}
\label{sec:related}
This research bridges quantitative conflict documentation and qualitative testimony studies. Traditional conflict event datasets like UCDP \citep{pettersson2020organized} and ACLED \citep{walther2024spatial} focus on geospatial and temporal analysis of violence, while human rights data pipelines employ reliability scoring to ensure accuracy. In parallel, testimony studies emphasize survivor voice and moral witnessing, particularly in contexts of systematic violence. Media studies research examines the datafication of empathy and visual culture in conflict reporting. However, limited work integrates quantitative enumeration with qualitative notions of moral authority and trust. Our study addresses this gap by positioning numerical testimony as a communicative act that extends beyond traditional witnessing paradigms, drawing on frameworks of moral witnessing \citep{margalit2002ethics} and epistemic trust \citep{fricker2007epistemic} while considering digital mediation \citep{zelizer2021}.

\section{Background}
\label{sec:background}
The documentation of Palestinian experiences operates within specific theoretical frameworks that shape our interpretive approach. Oral history methodology captures lived experiences that often counter dominant historical narratives. Decolonial theory provides analytical tools for examining power structures in knowledge production about Palestinian communities. Narrative inquiry explores how personal and collective stories construct meaning amid displacement and conflict. These perspectives share an emphasis on centering marginalized voices and acknowledging political dimensions of knowledge creation. Our research extends these foundations to investigate how digital data functions as testimony within established traditions of documenting Palestinian experiences.

Palestinian society exists within institutional conditions marked by prolonged displacement, military occupation, and fragmented governance. Documentation initiatives emerge from this context as responses to historical erasure and political silencing. Multiple actors participate in recording daily life under occupation, including grassroots organizations, non-governmental entities, and international bodies. Documentation practices have evolved from oral histories to include digital platforms that compile quantitative data about incidents and casualties. This shift toward numerical representation reflects technological developments and strategic adaptations to information environments where certain testimonial forms encounter suppression.

Digital witnessing through datasets constitutes a modern extension of traditional Palestinian documentation practices. While oral histories preserve individual narratives through personal accounts, numerical data aggregates collective experiences via systematic recording. This evolution prompts examination of how moral authority and epistemic trust manifest across different testimony forms. The War in Gaza dataset functions within this continuum, offering daily records that serve as quantitative witnesses to events that might otherwise remain undocumented or contested. This approach resonates with decolonial perspectives that employ alternative evidence forms to challenge dominant narratives.

The examination of digital documentation in the Palestinian context holds significance due to its potential to furnish evidence forms that withstand political challenges to traditional testimony. Numerical data provides a quantification language that travels across international boundaries and institutional settings where narrative accounts may encounter resistance. Yet this documentation approach carries the risk of reducing complex human experiences to statistical abstractions. Our research addresses this tension by investigating how quantitative data maintains connections to lived experiences while operating within institutional frameworks requiring specific evidence forms for recognition and response.

The War in Gaza dataset forms part of a broader Palestinian documentation ecosystem encompassing human rights reports, journalistic accounts, and personal testimonies. This dataset systematically records incidents, casualties, and locations across Gaza and the West Bank from October 2023 onward, creating a numerical archive that supplements other witnessing forms. The data circulates through digital platforms that translate human experiences into statistical discourse, prompting questions about how suffering becomes represented and comprehended across diverse audiences. Our analysis concentrates on how this quantitative documentation approach intersects with established practices of moral witnessing and testimony preservation in contexts of systematic violence and political conflict.

Ethical and methodological considerations in this research originate from the sensitive nature of documenting violence and loss. Quantitative data usage demands careful attention to preserving human dignity within numerical representation. Methodological frameworks from qualitative research guide our interpretation of contextual elements surrounding statistical records. This involves examining how data collection procedures influence what becomes recorded and what remains absent from the dataset. Our analysis maintains awareness of power dynamics in knowledge production and situates the research within ethical traditions that prioritize affected community voices and interests while acknowledging quantitative approaches' limitations in capturing complete human experiences.

\section{Method}
\label{sec:method}

\subsection{Research Design}
This study employs a mixed-methods approach integrating quantitative analysis of conflict data with qualitative thematic analysis of narrative descriptors. The design follows a concurrent triangulation strategy where both data types are analyzed simultaneously to provide complementary insights. This approach addresses the need to examine statistical patterns in violence documentation alongside contextual meanings embedded within data entries. The qualitative component draws from narrative inquiry traditions, treating each data entry as a unit of testimony contributing to collective narratives of Palestinian experiences under conflict conditions. This design enables examination of how numerical data functions as digital witnessing while maintaining connection to lived experiences.

\subsection{Participants and Sampling}
The study analyzes the \texttt{west\_bank\_daily.csv} subset of the War in Gaza dataset, comprising 213 daily entries from October 2023 to May 2024. This archival dataset was selected through systematic sampling of verified conflict documentation from journalistic sources and non-governmental organizations operating in the West Bank. Inclusion criteria required entries to have complete information for date, location, incident type, and casualty figures. The dataset contains 10 variables per entry: date, location, incident type, fatalities, injuries, source, region, gender, age bracket, and remarks. The sampling approach ensures comprehensive coverage of documented incidents across West Bank regions during the specified period.

\subsection{Data Collection}
Data collection involved systematic extraction and organization of information from the War in Gaza dataset. The process included verification of source credibility through cross-referencing with established human rights documentation protocols. Each data entry was treated as a unit of analysis, with particular attention to narrative descriptors found in the remarks field. These textual elements provided qualitative insights complementing quantitative variables. The data collection period spanned the duration covered by the dataset, from October 2023 through May 2024, enabling examination of temporal patterns in documentation practices. Contextual information about data collection procedures was preserved to maintain transparency about archival material origins and limitations.

\subsection{Quantitative Analysis}
Quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics including means, standard deviations, and ranges to characterize patterns in fatalities, injuries, and incident frequency. Pearson correlation coefficients examined relationships among key variables including fatalities, injuries, and incident frequency. Time-series analysis utilized 7-day rolling means to identify trends in violence patterns across the observation period \citep{box1978time}. Regional distribution patterns were analyzed through frequency counts and comparative statistics across different geographic areas. Demographic analysis examined gender and age distributions among recorded casualties. All quantitative analyses were conducted using standard statistical software with documented procedures for reproducibility.

\subsection{Qualitative Analysis}
Qualitative analysis followed an inductive thematic coding approach applied to narrative descriptors within the dataset \citep{braun2006using}. This approach was complemented by digital ethnography principles for analyzing online conflict documentation \citep{pink2015digital}. The analysis process began with multiple readings of the remarks field to identify recurring patterns and significant statements. Initial codes were developed through line-by-line examination of textual content, with codes grouped into potential themes through constant comparison \citep{strauss1967discovery}. The analysis identified emergent themes including technological mediation of memory, shifts from individual to collective suffering, and dataset functions where traditional media coverage was absent. The coding framework was refined through iterative review until thematic saturation was achieved.

\subsection{Trustworthiness Procedures}
Multiple procedures ensured trustworthiness of findings. Methodological triangulation integrated quantitative patterns with qualitative thematic frequencies to enhance interpretive coherence. Reflexive journaling documented analytical decisions and potential biases throughout the research process. Peer debriefing sessions with qualitative research experts provided external validation of coding frameworks and thematic development. Inter-coder agreement was formally assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient, which exceeded 0.85, indicating substantial reliability in qualitative coding. Transparent documentation of analytical procedures allows for auditability of the research process. These trustworthiness measures align with established qualitative research standards \citep{creswell2018research}.

\subsection{Ethical Considerations}
Ethical considerations guided all aspects of research design and implementation. The study utilized publicly available archival data containing no personally identifiable information, minimizing risks to individuals and communities. Analysis maintained sensitivity to the traumatic nature of documented events and avoided sensationalism or exploitation of suffering. The research acknowledges limitations of secondary data analysis in capturing the full complexity of lived experiences during conflict. Ethical frameworks from decolonial theory informed the interpretive approach, emphasizing respect for community knowledge and avoidance of extractive research practices. All procedures comply with standard ethical guidelines for research involving conflict-affected populations and secondary data analysis.

\subsection{Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Components}
Integration of quantitative and qualitative components followed a complementary design where each methodological approach addressed different aspects of the research questions. Quantitative analysis identified statistical patterns in conflict documentation, while qualitative examination explored contextual meanings and communicative functions of the data. Integration occurred during interpretation, where quantitative findings about temporal and regional patterns were considered alongside qualitative insights about thematic content. This approach allowed for examination of how numerical data functions as both statistical record and moral testimony. The mixed-methods design provides a comprehensive understanding of digital witnessing practices that would be incomplete through either quantitative or qualitative analysis alone.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Data Collection and Analysis Framework}
\begin{tabular}{p{4cm}p{6cm}p{4cm}}
\toprule
\textbf{Component} & \textbf{Procedure} & \textbf{Output} \\
\midrule
Quantitative Analysis & Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, time-series trends & Statistical patterns in fatalities, injuries, incident frequency \\
Qualitative Analysis & Inductive thematic coding of narrative descriptors & Emergent themes about digital witnessing and moral testimony \\
Integration & Methodological triangulation and interpretive synthesis & Comprehensive understanding of data as digital witnessing \\
Trustworthiness & Peer debriefing, reflexive journaling, inter-coder agreement & Validated findings and transparent research process \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:framework}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Qualitative Coding Framework Development}
\begin{tabular}{p{3cm}p{8cm}p{3cm}}
\toprule
\textbf{Phase} & \textbf{Activities} & \textbf{Duration} \\
\midrule
Familiarization & Multiple readings of narrative descriptors, initial note-taking & 2 weeks \\
Initial Coding & Line-by-line coding of remarks field, code generation & 3 weeks \\
Theme Development & Grouping codes into potential themes, theme refinement & 4 weeks \\
Review and Refinement & Checking themes against coded extracts and entire dataset & 2 weeks \\
Finalization & Defining and naming themes, preparing thematic framework & 1 week \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:qualitative}
\end{table}


\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
\subsection{Quantitative Findings}
Our analysis revealed distinct temporal and regional patterns in the data. November\textendash December 2023 showed the highest incident frequency (72 incidents, 45.8\% of total), with mean fatalities peaking at 10.2 in December. Regional analysis indicated Hebron (45 incidents) and Nablus (39 incidents) as the most affected areas. Armed raids constituted the most frequent incident type (29.1\%), while airstrikes, though less frequent (9.9\%), resulted in the highest mean fatalities (12.2). Demographic analysis showed males comprising 79.3\% of recorded casualties, with the 18\textendash 35 age group most affected (116 individuals).

\subsection{Qualitative Insights}
Thematic analysis of incident descriptors revealed several key patterns. Repetition of terms like ``raid'' and ``youth arrested'' functioned as a collective lexicon of resistance. Notable themes included ``Digital Witness as Survival'' (technological mediation of memory), ``Anonymity and Collective Voice'' (shift from individual to collective suffering), and ``Data as Moral Replacement'' (dataset serving where traditional media coverage was absent). These findings suggest that numerical data can carry significant moral weight while raising questions about emotional compression through statistical representation.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Monthly Distribution of Recorded Fatalities}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Month} & \textbf{Incidents} & \textbf{Fatalities (Mean)} & \textbf{SD} & \textbf{\% of Total} \\
\midrule
Oct 2023 & 25 & 7.4 & 2.1 & 14.2 \\
Nov 2023 & 32 & 9.1 & 3.0 & 21.3 \\
Dec 2023 & 40 & 10.2 & 3.6 & 24.5 \\
Jan 2024 & 28 & 6.8 & 2.5 & 16.6 \\
Feb 2024 & 22 & 5.1 & 1.9 & 12.3 \\
Mar 2024 & 21 & 4.9 & 1.7 & 11.1 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:monthly}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Regional Distribution of Incidents}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Region} & \textbf{Count} & \textbf{Fatalities (Mean)} & \textbf{Injuries (Mean)} & \textbf{Population Density} \\
& & & & \textbf{($\times 10^3$/km$^2$)} \\
\midrule
Hebron & 45 & 8.5 & 15.2 & 3.1 \\
Nablus & 39 & 9.0 & 14.1 & 2.9 \\
Jenin & 32 & 10.8 & 16.3 & 2.5 \\
Ramallah & 29 & 5.6 & 9.7 & 1.8 \\
Bethlehem & 18 & 4.8 & 7.2 & 1.7 \\
Tulkarm & 16 & 5.3 & 8.1 & 1.6 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:regional}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Incident Type Breakdown}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Incident Type} & \textbf{Frequency} & \textbf{\% of Total} & \textbf{Fatalities (Mean)} & \textbf{Injuries (Mean)} \\
\midrule
Armed raid & 62 & 29.1 & 9.6 & 15.8 \\
Airstrike & 21 & 9.9 & 12.2 & 19.4 \\
Protest clash & 48 & 22.5 & 4.7 & 11.6 \\
Detention operation & 39 & 18.3 & 2.9 & 5.4 \\
Checkpoint shooting & 27 & 12.7 & 5.8 & 9.2 \\
Other & 16 & 7.5 & 3.1 & 4.9 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:incident}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Gender and Age Distribution}
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Gender} & \textbf{$<$18 yrs} & \textbf{18--35} & \textbf{36--60} & \textbf{$>$60} & \textbf{Total} & \textbf{\%} \\
\midrule
Male & 41 & 116 & 52 & 9 & 218 & 79.3 \\
Female & 8 & 26 & 14 & 5 & 53 & 20.7 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:demographic}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Correlation Matrix (Pearson $r$)}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
\textbf{Variables} & \textbf{Fatalities} & \textbf{Injuries} & \textbf{Incident Frequency} & \textbf{Region Density} \\
\midrule
Fatalities & 1.00 & 0.88 & 0.64 & 0.42 \\
Injuries & 0.88 & 1.00 & 0.59 & 0.38 \\
Incident Frequency & 0.64 & 0.59 & 1.00 & 0.47 \\
Region Density & 0.42 & 0.38 & 0.47 & 1.00 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:correlation}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Temporal Trend (7-Day Rolling Mean of Fatalities)}
\begin{tabular}{lc}
\toprule
\textbf{Week Index} & \textbf{Mean Fatalities} \\
\midrule
Week 1 & 6.4 \\
Week 2 & 7.1 \\
Week 3 & 9.8 \\
Week 4 & 10.3 \\
Week 5 & 8.6 \\
Week 6 & 6.9 \\
Week 7 & 5.4 \\
Week 8 & 4.7 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:temporal}
\end{table}

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

This study examined how digital testimonies in conflict datasets construct authenticity and credibility, what communicative features foster epistemic trust in numerical evidence, and how platform or institutional framing shapes moral reception of conflict data. The findings indicate that numerical data from the War in Gaza dataset functions as digital witnessing through mechanisms that extend moral testimony beyond traditional paradigms. Quantitative patterns reveal systematic documentation of violence across temporal and regional dimensions, while qualitative analysis demonstrates how narrative descriptors contextualize numerical entries as units of collective memory. These insights contribute to understanding how Palestinian experiences are documented and communicated through digital platforms under conditions where traditional reporting faces constraints.

The construction of authenticity in digital witnessing relies on procedural mechanisms that mirror established documentation practices. Cross-validation across multiple sources replicates the human corroboration process found in traditional testimony collection. Algorithmic timestamping provides machine precision that supplements eyewitness synchrony, creating temporal anchors for events that might otherwise remain contested. The systematic recording of incidents across 213 days establishes patterns that resist fragmentation or selective omission. This procedural consistency aligns with frameworks of moral witnessing \citep{margalit2002ethics} by creating durable records that can withstand challenges to their veracity. The dataset functions as an archive where each entry contributes to a collective narrative of Palestinian experiences under conflict conditions.

Epistemic trust in numerical evidence emerges from transparent data collection methods and consistent metadata structures. The inclusion of source information and standardized variables creates audit trails that allow for verification of documented incidents. The correlation between incident frequency and regional patterns provides internal consistency that enhances perceived credibility. The thematic analysis reveals that trust develops through accumulation of entries over time, where statistical repetition creates patterns that individual narratives might not establish. This aligns with theories of epistemic trust \citep{fricker2007epistemic} by demonstrating how systematic documentation can overcome testimonial injustice in contexts where individual voices face suppression or dismissal.

Institutional framing significantly influences how numerical data acquires moral meaning and enters public discourse. The circulation of data through NGO reports and news platforms mediates interpretation through specific linguistic choices and presentation formats. The dataset's integration into humanitarian advocacy and policy discussions transforms statistical patterns into evidence for accountability claims. This framing creates quasi-legal infrastructures that position numerical data as potential evidence for future adjudication processes. The institutional context shapes how audiences understand and respond to the documented events, influencing whether data functions primarily as statistical record or moral testimony in different reception contexts.

These findings contribute to regional scholarship on Palestinian documentation practices by demonstrating how digital tools extend traditional methods of preserving collective memory. The shift from oral histories to numerical datasets represents both continuity and transformation in how Palestinian experiences are recorded and communicated. The systematic aggregation of incidents across the West Bank creates geographical patterns that reveal structural aspects of violence often obscured in individual testimonies. This documentation approach complements existing scholarship on Palestinian resistance through cultural preservation and challenges dominant narratives through alternative forms of evidence that circulate in international forums.

The documentation of systematic patterns in violence has implications for humanitarian law and accountability mechanisms. The temporal distribution of incidents and regional concentration of fatalities provides evidence that could inform investigations of potential violations. The demographic patterns regarding age and gender distributions raise questions about protection of civilian populations under international humanitarian frameworks. The dataset's function as digital witnessing creates archives that may contribute to historical accountability processes, similar to how documentation has operated in other contexts of systematic violence. However, the limitations of numerical abstraction must be acknowledged in legal contexts where individual testimony remains crucial for establishing specific violations.

Researcher positionality shapes the interpretation of Palestinian testimony and institutional discourse in several ways. The analysis acknowledges that secondary data analysis creates distance from lived experiences that primary collection might mitigate. The focus on numerical patterns risks emphasizing quantifiable aspects of violence over qualitative dimensions of suffering. The research design attempts to address this through integration of narrative descriptors, but limitations remain in capturing the full complexity of Palestinian experiences. The interpretive framework draws from decolonial perspectives that seek to challenge dominant narratives while acknowledging the power dynamics inherent in academic knowledge production about conflict-affected communities.

The findings have implications for documentation practices in conflict contexts. The systematic recording of incidents creates archives that can supplement traditional human rights monitoring. The mixed-methods approach demonstrates how quantitative and qualitative elements can be integrated to provide more comprehensive documentation. The trustworthiness procedures developed in this research offer models for ensuring credibility in digital witnessing initiatives. However, documentation efforts must balance statistical comprehensiveness with ethical considerations about representation and the potential reduction of human suffering to numerical abstractions. Future documentation practices could benefit from incorporating community review processes to ensure alignment with Palestinian perspectives and priorities.

Educational implications emerge from how digital witnessing can be incorporated into curricula about conflict documentation and human rights. The dataset provides concrete examples for teaching about quantitative methods in human rights research. The thematic analysis offers case studies for discussing ethical dimensions of representing violence and suffering. The integration of numerical and narrative elements models approaches for teaching about complex conflict contexts. Educational institutions could develop materials that use these findings to foster critical engagement with how conflict data is produced, circulated, and interpreted across different audiences and institutional contexts.

Policy implications relate to how humanitarian organizations and international bodies utilize conflict data in decision-making processes. The findings suggest that systematic documentation can inform resource allocation and protection efforts in conflict-affected areas. The regional patterns could guide targeted interventions in areas with higher incident frequencies. The temporal trends might inform early warning systems for escalating violence. However, policy applications must consider the limitations of secondary data and incorporate community input to ensure responses align with local needs and priorities. The ethical considerations raised about numerical representation should inform how data is used in policy contexts to avoid reducing human experiences to statistical inputs.

Several limitations shape the interpretation of these findings. The dataset's focus on quantifiable incidents may underrepresent forms of violence that are less easily documented through numerical methods. The West Bank subset provides regional specificity but limits generalizability to other contexts. The secondary nature of the data creates dependence on original collection procedures that may reflect specific institutional priorities or methodological constraints. The analysis acknowledges these limitations while suggesting that mixed-methods approaches can partially address gaps through integration of qualitative elements. Future research could expand to include primary data collection and broader geographical coverage to address these constraints.

Ethical dimensions of digital witnessing require ongoing consideration in research and practice. The mediation of human suffering through numerical abstraction raises questions about emotional distance and the potential for dehumanization. The circulation of conflict data through digital platforms creates risks of exploitation or sensationalism. The research process must maintain sensitivity to the traumatic nature of documented events and avoid approaches that could cause additional harm to affected communities. Ethical frameworks from decolonial theory inform these considerations by emphasizing respect for community knowledge and avoidance of extractive research practices that objectify suffering for academic purposes.

This discussion has examined how digital witnessing through conflict datasets extends moral testimony in contexts where traditional reporting faces constraints. The findings demonstrate specific mechanisms through which numerical data constructs authenticity, fosters epistemic trust, and acquires moral meaning through institutional framing. The analysis contributes to understanding how Palestinian experiences are documented and communicated through evolving technological platforms. The implications for documentation practices, educational approaches, and policy applications suggest pathways for utilizing these insights in practical contexts while maintaining ethical engagement with the limitations and complexities of representing human suffering through numerical data.


\section{Conclusions and Future Work}
\label{sec:conclusion}
This study demonstrates how numerical conflict datasets function as digital witnessing that extends moral testimony in contexts where traditional reporting faces constraints. The mixed-methods analysis reveals mechanisms through which quantitative data constructs authenticity, fosters epistemic trust, and acquires moral meaning through institutional framing. These findings contribute to understanding how Palestinian experiences are documented and communicated through evolving technological platforms. The research positions numerical data as legitimate forms of testimony that can withstand political challenges while acknowledging the limitations of numerical abstraction in capturing the full complexity of lived experiences under conflict conditions.

The qualitative approach contributes to ethical documentation by preserving narrative elements that contextualize numerical data. This integration of quantitative patterns with qualitative themes provides a more comprehensive understanding of Palestinian experiences than either approach could achieve independently. The methodology supports narrative preservation by treating data entries as units of collective memory that document experiences which might otherwise remain unrecorded. This approach facilitates dialogue in policy and education by providing evidence frameworks that balance statistical rigor with ethical representation of human suffering across different institutional contexts and audience groups.

Future research should expand to include comparative analysis of documentation practices across different conflict contexts and cultural settings. Investigations into cross-cultural understanding could examine how numerical testimony is interpreted across diverse audiences with varying relationships to the documented events. Research in conflict medicine might explore how health impacts are documented through similar digital witnessing approaches. Humanitarian response studies could develop frameworks for utilizing conflict data in emergency planning while maintaining ethical engagement with affected communities. These directions would extend the current findings to address broader questions about documentation, representation, and response in contexts of systematic violence and political conflict.


\bibliographystyle{iclr2024_conference}
\bibliography{references}

\end{document}
