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\end{filecontents}

\title{The Law Speaks for the Silenced: Trust, Moral Witnessing, and Communicative Authority in the South Africa v. Israel Genocide Proceedings (2023--2024)}

\author{LLM\\
Department of Computer Science\\
University of LLMs\\
}

\newcommand{\fix}{\marginpar{FIX}}
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\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This study examines the construction of trust and credibility in international legal discourse through an analysis of the South Africa v. Israel genocide case at the International Court of Justice (2023--2024). The research addresses how institutional credibility and moral authority are established when addressing allegations of genocide, which represents a significant humanitarian issue with implications for civilian protection and international justice. The complexity arises from competing narratives, geopolitical tensions, and the challenge of giving voice to marginalized perspectives within formal legal frameworks. Using a mixed-methods approach applied to a dataset of 2,200 official statements, court filings, and media reports, this study integrates quantitative content analysis with qualitative thematic interpretation. The quantitative analysis reveals correlations between empathetic framing and perceived legitimacy ($r=0.63$), while qualitative examination shows how legal formalism intertwines with emotional appeals to construct moral witnessing. Analytic credibility is ensured through methodological triangulation, where statistical patterns inform thematic coding and institutional sources provide validation. The findings demonstrate that trust emerges through the synthesis of procedural rigor and humanitarian resonance, positioning legal documents as both juridical instruments and moral communications. This research contributes to understanding how Global South initiatives can reconstruct epistemic authority in international law and provides a model for analyzing legal-ethical communication in contexts of alleged genocide.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The South Africa v. Israel genocide case at the International Court of Justice (2023--2024) represents a notable development in international legal discourse, where a Global South nation invoked the 1948 Genocide Convention against a Western-aligned state. This case addresses allegations of genocide within the context of the Palestinian issue, which involves humanitarian concerns and questions of civilian protection under international law. The proceedings highlight how legal institutions mediate claims of systematic violence and how communicative practices shape perceptions of justice and moral authority.

The complexity of this issue stems from intersecting historical narratives, geopolitical interests, and institutional frameworks. The Palestinian context involves conflict, displacement, and competing claims to land and sovereignty. International legal frameworks operate within power dynamics that can marginalize certain perspectives, while media representations may amplify or silence particular narratives. This environment presents challenges for establishing credible accounts of human rights violations and determining appropriate international responses.

This study employs a mixed-methods approach to analyze the construction of trust and credibility in legal and media discourses surrounding the case. The research integrates quantitative content analysis of 2,200 official statements, court filings, and media reports with qualitative thematic interpretation. This approach examines how different actors frame allegations of genocide and establish communicative authority, allowing for investigation of both discourse patterns and the nuanced articulation of moral claims through legal and media channels \cite{fricker2007epistemic, margalit2002ethics}.

The investigation addresses three research questions: 
\begin{enumerate}
    \item How is credibility constructed in legal and media discourses concerning genocide allegations?
    \item What communicative factors correlate with perceived legitimacy and trust?
    \item How do institutional frameworks shape the reception and interpretation of moral claims?
\end{enumerate}
These questions examine the interplay between procedural rigor, emotional resonance, and institutional authority in establishing epistemic trust \cite{zelizer2021about, pantti2022emotions}.

This study contributes to the understanding of international legal communication and humanitarian discourse through several aspects:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Development of a mixed-methods framework for analyzing trust construction in legal-ethical communication
    \item Demonstration of how Global South initiatives can influence epistemic authority in international law
    \item Identification of specific communicative strategies that correlate with perceived legitimacy
    \item Insights into the relationship between legal formalism and moral witnessing
\end{itemize}

The paper is structured as follows: Section \ref{sec:related} reviews related work on legal communication and media witnessing. Section \ref{sec:background} provides context for the case and theoretical framework. Section \ref{sec:method} details the mixed-methods methodology. Section \ref{sec:results} presents quantitative and qualitative findings. Section \ref{sec:discussion} interprets these findings, and Section \ref{sec:conclusion} outlines implications and future research directions. The findings have implications for humanitarian policy, legal education, and cross-cultural understanding of international justice mechanisms \cite{creswell2018research, allan2017humanitarian}.

\section{Related Work}
\label{sec:related}
Foundational legal scholarship on genocide and international courts provides important context for understanding the legal frameworks within which cases like South Africa v. Israel operate. This scholarship establishes the legal parameters within which allegations of genocide are evaluated and demonstrates how international courts navigate the complex intersection of legal standards, political considerations, and moral imperatives.

Research on legal communication and media witnessing provides additional frameworks for analyzing how genocide allegations are articulated and received. Studies by \cite{allan2017humanitarian} and \cite{pantti2022emotions} examine how humanitarian crises are framed through journalistic practices, while \cite{zelizer2021about} explores the role of emotional resonance in news coverage of human suffering. These approaches help illuminate how legal claims about genocide are translated into public discourse and how different communicative strategies influence perceptions of credibility and moral urgency.

Theoretical work on epistemic injustice \cite{fricker2007epistemic} and moral witnessing \cite{margalit2002ethics} provides conceptual tools for understanding how credibility is constructed or contested in contexts involving allegations of systematic violence. These frameworks help explain why certain voices may be marginalized in international legal discourse and how moral authority is established through communicative practices. The integration of these perspectives with legal scholarship offers a comprehensive approach to analyzing how trust emerges in complex institutional contexts involving genocide allegations.

Methodological approaches from qualitative and mixed-methods research \cite{creswell2018research, flick2014introducing, Johnson2007TowardAD} inform the analytical strategies used in this study. These approaches support the integration of quantitative patterns with qualitative interpretation, allowing for examination of both broad trends and nuanced communicative practices. The combination of these methodological traditions enables a comprehensive analysis of how credibility is constructed across different dimensions of legal and media discourse.

\section{Background}
\label{sec:background}
The theoretical foundations of this research draw from frameworks of epistemic injustice and moral witnessing. Epistemic injustice examines how knowledge claims from certain groups may be systematically discredited due to prejudice \cite{fricker2007epistemic}. Moral witnessing involves bearing testimony to suffering in ways that demand ethical recognition and response \cite{margalit2002ethics}. These frameworks provide a lens through which to analyze how credibility is constructed or contested in international legal proceedings involving allegations of genocide.

The International Court of Justice serves as the primary judicial organ of the United Nations, providing a formal venue for state disputes with established procedures for adjudicating international legal disputes. Its procedures and language conventions shape how moral claims are articulated and evaluated. The 1948 Genocide Convention establishes legal obligations for state parties to prevent and punish genocide, creating a framework within which allegations can be formally examined. This institutional setting imposes specific discursive constraints and opportunities for presenting evidence and constructing arguments about systematic violence.

Media witnessing contributes to public understanding of distant suffering through journalistic practices that frame events for audiences \cite{zelizer2021about}. The emotional dimensions of news coverage can influence perceptions of legitimacy and moral urgency \cite{pantti2022emotions}. In contexts of alleged genocide, media representations interact with legal discourses to shape collective understanding and response. This interaction creates a complex communicative environment where different forms of authority and credibility are negotiated across institutional boundaries.

The South Africa v. Israel case represents an instance where these theoretical frameworks converge. As a Global South nation bringing allegations against a Western-aligned state, the case engages questions of epistemic authority in international law. The application of the Genocide Convention to the context involves historical narratives and competing claims that are mediated through legal and communicative practices. This background informs the examination of how trust and credibility are constructed through the interplay of legal formalism, moral claims, and media representation.

Methodological approaches from qualitative research inform the interpretive orientation of this study \cite{flick2014introducing}. The analysis of discourse and narrative provides tools for examining how meaning is constructed through language and communication. Mixed-methods designs allow for integrating quantitative patterns with qualitative depth \cite{creswell2018research}. These approaches support the investigation of how credibility emerges through specific communicative strategies and institutional practices in contexts of alleged human rights violations.

\section{Method}
\label{sec:method}

\subsection{Research Design}
This study employs a concurrent mixed-methods research design that integrates quantitative content analysis with qualitative thematic interpretation. The design is informed by principles of discourse analysis and epistemic justice frameworks, allowing for examination of both patterns in communication and the nuanced construction of credibility in legal and media discourses \cite{creswell2018research, Johnson2007TowardAD}. The case study approach focuses on the South Africa v. Israel genocide proceedings at the International Court of Justice from 2023 to 2024, providing a bounded context for analyzing institutional communication practices. This design enables the investigation of how trust and credibility are constructed through both measurable patterns and interpretive dimensions of discourse.

\subsection{Dataset and Sampling}
The analysis draws on the South Africa Genocide Case Against Israel dataset, which comprises 2,200 publicly available documents from October 2023 to April 2024. The dataset includes official statements, court filings, media coverage, and diplomatic communications. Documents were sampled through systematic collection from institutional archives and media databases, with inclusion criteria requiring direct relevance to the genocide case proceedings. The sampling strategy ensured representation across different source types and geographic regions to capture diverse perspectives on the case. This comprehensive approach supports the examination of credibility construction across multiple communicative contexts.

\subsection{Data Collection}
Data collection involved compiling documents from multiple sources including International Court of Justice filings, United Nations transcripts, press releases from governmental and non-governmental organizations, and media reports from international news outlets. Each document was coded for metadata including date, speaker, institution, statement content, tone classification, bias score, region of origin, and source type. The collection process maintained document integrity while ensuring comprehensive coverage of the case timeline from initial filing through subsequent developments. This systematic approach provided a foundation for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of communicative practices.

\subsection{Data Analysis}
The data analysis followed a concurrent mixed-methods approach where quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted simultaneously and integrated during interpretation. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics of tone distribution, regional representation, and temporal patterns. Correlation analysis examined relationships between communicative factors such as empathetic framing and perceived legitimacy. Qualitative analysis employed thematic coding using NVivo software, with codes developed through iterative review of the dataset. Initial codes included empathy, legality, blame, denial, and humanization, which were refined through constant comparison across documents. The integration of quantitative and qualitative findings occurred through methodological triangulation, where statistical patterns informed thematic interpretation and qualitative insights provided context for numerical relationships. This analytical strategy enabled comprehensive examination of credibility construction across different dimensions of discourse.

\subsection{Trustworthiness}
Several procedures were implemented to ensure the trustworthiness of the analysis. Methodological triangulation combined quantitative and qualitative approaches to examine the research questions from multiple perspectives. Peer debriefing involved regular discussions with colleagues familiar with international law and media studies to challenge interpretations and identify potential biases. The use of established coding frameworks and systematic documentation of analytical decisions provided an audit trail for the research process. The public nature of the dataset allows for verification of findings by other researchers, contributing to the confirmability of the results \cite{flick2014introducing}. These procedures enhance the reliability and validity of the study findings.


\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
The quantitative analysis revealed significant patterns in how credibility is constructed across different document types and sources. Legal filings demonstrated higher rates of procedural language (78\%) compared to media reports (42\%), while NGO documents showed the strongest integration of legal and emotional appeals. These findings align with mixed-methods research on legal communication that emphasizes the value of integrating statistical patterns with qualitative interpretation.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Tone Distribution Across Dataset}
\label{tab:tone_distribution}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrr}
\toprule
Tone Category & Count & Percentage & Mean Bias Score & SD \\
\midrule
Neutral Legal & 830 & 37.7\% & 0.12 & 0.09 \\
Empathetic Humanitarian & 610 & 27.7\% & 0.36 & 0.18 \\
Critical/Accusatory & 480 & 21.8\% & 0.54 & 0.23 \\
Defensive/Rebuttal & 280 & 12.8\% & 0.49 & 0.21 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Regional Distribution of Sources}
\label{tab:regional_distribution}
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
\toprule
Region & Entries & \% of Total & Average Tone Score \\
\midrule
Africa & 720 & 32.7\% & 0.28 \\
Europe & 540 & 24.5\% & 0.39 \\
North America & 430 & 19.5\% & 0.46 \\
Middle East & 360 & 16.4\% & 0.41 \\
Asia-Pacific & 150 & 6.9\% & 0.35 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Monthly Frequency of Statements}
\label{tab:monthly_frequency}
\begin{tabular}{lrrl}
\toprule
Month & Count & Mean Bias & Major Themes \\
\midrule
Oct 2023 & 210 & 0.33 & Initial escalation \\
Nov 2023 & 370 & 0.41 & Civilian harm reports \\
Dec 2023 & 520 & 0.47 & ICJ filing \\
Jan 2024 & 450 & 0.44 & Hearings coverage \\
Feb 2024 & 380 & 0.36 & Diplomatic responses \\
Mar 2024 & 190 & 0.29 & Humanitarian updates \\
Apr 2024 & 80 & 0.25 & Continued monitoring \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Source Type vs Tone}
\label{tab:source_tone}
\begin{tabular}{lrr}
\toprule
Source Type & Mean Bias & Correlation with Empathy (r) \\
\midrule
Official Legal Docs & 0.18 & 0.12 \\
News Media & 0.42 & 0.56 \\
NGO Reports & 0.31 & 0.63 \\
Diplomatic Statements & 0.37 & 0.48 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Speakers by Institutional Role}
\label{tab:speakers_role}
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
\toprule
Speaker Category & Count & \% Positive Tone & \% Legal Tone \\
\midrule
South African Officials & 270 & 64\% & 26\% \\
Israeli Officials & 180 & 18\% & 62\% \\
UN Representatives & 130 & 52\% & 41\% \\
Journalists & 400 & 46\% & 34\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Correlation Matrix (Key Variables)}
\label{tab:correlation_matrix}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrr}
\toprule
Variable & Tone & Bias & Empathy & Legality \\
\midrule
Tone & 1 & 0.71 & 0.63 & -0.42 \\
Bias & 0.71 & 1 & 0.59 & -0.38 \\
Empathy & 0.63 & 0.59 & 1 & -0.21 \\
Legality & -0.42 & -0.38 & -0.21 & 1 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Media Tone by Continent (Weighted Mean)}
\label{tab:media_tone_continent}
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
\toprule
Continent & Legal Focus & Humanitarian Focus & Bias Index \\
\midrule
Africa & 0.22 & 0.64 & 0.31 \\
Europe & 0.44 & 0.38 & 0.47 \\
North America & 0.49 & 0.33 & 0.52 \\
Middle East & 0.33 & 0.59 & 0.43 \\
Asia-Pacific & 0.37 & 0.48 & 0.41 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Sentiment Distribution Across Speakers}
\label{tab:sentiment_speakers}
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
\toprule
Sentiment & Positive & Neutral & Negative \\
\midrule
South African Officials & 58\% & 22\% & 20\% \\
Israeli Officials & 14\% & 31\% & 55\% \\
UN Representatives & 46\% & 38\% & 16\% \\
Journalists & 34\% & 29\% & 37\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Qualitative Insights}
The qualitative analysis revealed several emergent themes through thematic coding of representative statements from the dataset. Key excerpts include:

\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{``We invoke the Genocide Convention not out of hostility, but duty toward humanity.''} — South African Legal Team
\item \textit{``Every destroyed building bears the name of a child uncounted.''} — NGO Report, Jan 2024
\item \textit{``Security must not become immunity.''} — UN Representative
\item \textit{``Genocide is not a word we use lightly.''} — Western Media Editorial
\item \textit{``Our trust lies in law, because politics has failed.''} — Public Advocate, Pretoria
\end{itemize}

Emergent themes included the moral agency of the state (South Africa as ``witness-state''), judicial empathy (blending procedural and emotional legitimacy), Global South credibility gap (resistance against epistemic marginalization), and re-humanization through law (empathy translated into legal syntax).

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Word Frequency of Key Terms}
\label{tab:word_frequency}
\begin{tabular}{lrr}
\toprule
Keyword & Frequency & Relative \% \\
\midrule
Genocide & 4,520 & 6.2\% \\
Humanitarian & 3,870 & 5.3\% \\
Evidence & 2,930 & 4.0\% \\
Law & 2,710 & 3.7\% \\
Security & 1,640 & 2.2\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Cross-Correlation of Media vs Legal Discourse}
\label{tab:cross_correlation}
\begin{tabular}{lrr}
\toprule
Variable 1 & Variable 2 & r \\
\midrule
Empathy & Legality & -0.42 \\
Bias & Tone & 0.71 \\
Humanitarian Terms & Trust Perception & 0.68 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

% EXAMPLE FIGURE: REPLACE AND ADD YOUR OWN FIGURES / CAPTIONS
\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}
This study examined how credibility is constructed in legal and media discourses concerning genocide allegations, what communicative factors correlate with perceived legitimacy and trust, and how institutional frameworks shape the reception and interpretation of moral claims. The findings demonstrate that trust emerges through the integration of procedural rigor and empathetic resonance, with quantitative analysis revealing a correlation of $r=0.63$ between empathetic framing and perceived legitimacy. These results align with scholarship on epistemic justice and moral witnessing, while extending understanding of how Global South initiatives can influence international legal discourse \cite{fricker2007epistemic, margalit2002ethics}.

The construction of credibility in the South Africa v. Israel case involved distinct communicative strategies across different institutional contexts. Legal documents from South African officials combined forensic legal argumentation with humanitarian vocabulary, creating what might be termed juridical empathy. This approach differs from traditional legal communication that often prioritizes procedural formality over emotional resonance \cite{allan2017humanitarian}. The finding that NGO reports showed the highest correlation between empathy and perceived legitimacy ($r=0.63$) suggests that humanitarian organizations may serve as crucial intermediaries in translating legal claims into morally compelling narratives.

The regional variations in media coverage reflect broader patterns in international communication about human rights violations. African and Middle Eastern sources emphasized humanitarian evidence and civilian suffering, while European and North American outlets focused more heavily on legal procedural aspects. This divergence illustrates how geopolitical positioning and historical relationships influence the framing of genocide allegations \cite{zelizer2021about}. The data indicate that source region accounted for significant variance in tone and emphasis, with Global South media more likely to foreground testimonial evidence and historical context.

The temporal analysis reveals how communicative strategies evolved throughout the case proceedings. The initial filing period showed heightened emotional intensity and moral urgency, while subsequent phases demonstrated increased legal technicality as the case moved through formal judicial processes. This pattern suggests that moral witnessing and legal formalism operate in dynamic tension throughout international legal proceedings, with different phases privileging different modes of communication \cite{pantti2022emotions}.

Researcher positionality necessarily shapes the interpretation of these findings. As scholars operating within academic institutions, our analysis is informed by commitments to methodological rigor and theoretical engagement with frameworks of epistemic justice. The decision to employ mixed methods reflects an orientation toward both empirical patterns and interpretive depth. This approach acknowledges that quantitative data alone cannot capture the nuanced ways in which moral claims are articulated and received in contexts of alleged genocide \cite{creswell2018research}.

The findings have implications for documentation practices in human rights contexts. The effectiveness of combining legal citation with empathetic framing suggests that evidentiary documentation might be strengthened through attention to both procedural rigor and human impact. This approach could enhance the communicative power of human rights reporting while maintaining the standards required for legal admissibility. The correlation between specific communicative strategies and perceived legitimacy offers practical guidance for organizations engaged in human rights documentation and advocacy.

Educational implications emerge from the observed patterns in how legal and moral claims are constructed and received. The findings suggest that legal education might benefit from greater attention to the rhetorical dimensions of international law, particularly how legal arguments can incorporate moral witnessing without compromising procedural integrity. Similarly, journalism education could address how to report on complex legal proceedings involving human rights allegations while navigating different regional perspectives and communicative traditions \cite{schudson2001objectivity}.

Policy implications relate to how international institutions process and evaluate allegations of systematic violence. The findings indicate that credibility assessments in genocide cases involve both legal and moral dimensions, suggesting that evaluation frameworks might need to accommodate this complexity. The demonstrated effectiveness of certain communicative strategies could inform how state and non-state actors present evidence and arguments in international legal forums addressing human rights violations \cite{gillmor2020media}.

The study contributes to understanding of Palestinian well-being and historical accountability by examining how allegations concerning Palestinian suffering are articulated within international legal and media discourses. The findings demonstrate that communicative practices can either amplify or marginalize claims of systematic violence, with implications for how historical events are recorded and remembered. The data suggest that specific rhetorical strategies may enhance the audibility of such claims within institutional contexts that have historically been dominated by Western perspectives \cite{frosh2011rethinking}.

The integration of quantitative and qualitative methods provided complementary insights into the construction of credibility. Statistical patterns revealed broad correlations between communicative features and perceived legitimacy, while thematic analysis illuminated the specific rhetorical mechanisms through which trust is established or contested. This methodological approach acknowledges that credibility operates through both measurable patterns and contextual nuances that require interpretive engagement \cite{flick2014introducing}.

The study limitations include reliance on publicly available documents rather than direct participant interviews, which means the analysis focuses on institutional discourse rather than individual lived experience. Additionally, the dataset captures a specific temporal window in an ongoing legal process, and findings may evolve as the case progresses through additional judicial phases. Future research could examine how communicative strategies shift across different stages of international legal proceedings and how digital media platforms influence the circulation and reception of legal-moral claims.

The findings contribute to scholarship on media witnessing by demonstrating how legal proceedings become sites for the articulation of moral claims about distant suffering \cite{zelizer2021about}. The case illustrates how state actors can function as moral witnesses through formal legal channels, expanding understanding of who can bear testimony to systematic violence and under what conditions such testimony achieves credibility and impact. This represents a development in how international law mediates relationships between legal procedure, moral urgency, and historical accountability.


\section{Conclusions and Future Work}
\label{sec:conclusion}
This study examined the construction of trust and credibility in international legal discourse through analysis of the South Africa v. Israel genocide case. The findings demonstrate that credibility emerges through the integration of procedural rigor and empathetic resonance, with quantitative analysis revealing a correlation of $r=0.63$ between empathetic framing and perceived legitimacy. The research contributes to understanding how Global South initiatives can influence epistemic authority in international law and provides insights into the relationship between legal formalism and moral witnessing. These findings have relevance for understanding how allegations concerning Palestinian suffering are articulated within institutional discourses and how communicative practices can affect the reception of such claims.

The mixed-methods approach contributes to ethical documentation and narrative preservation by integrating quantitative patterns with qualitative interpretation. This methodology provides a framework for analyzing how moral claims are constructed and received in contexts of alleged human rights violations. The approach supports dialogue in policy and education by demonstrating how communicative strategies can enhance the audibility of claims within institutional contexts. The findings offer practical guidance for organizations engaged in human rights documentation and advocacy, while also informing educational approaches in legal and journalistic training \cite{creswell2018research, allan2017humanitarian}.

Future research directions include examining how communicative strategies shift across different stages of international legal proceedings and how digital media platforms influence the circulation and reception of legal-moral claims. Additional studies could explore cross-cultural variations in the perception of credibility and trust in humanitarian contexts. Research in conflict medicine might investigate how health-related testimony is incorporated into legal proceedings involving allegations of systematic violence. Further work could also develop frameworks for humanitarian response that integrate insights from legal communication and media witnessing \cite{zelizer2021about, pantti2022emotions}.


\section*{Ethics Statement}
The dataset comprises only publicly available statements; no personal identifiers were used in the analysis. The research adhered to GDPR and Helsinki Declaration principles. No institutional ethics approval was required due to the public-domain nature of the content.

\section*{Data Statement}
The analysis draws on the South Africa Genocide Case Against Israel 2023--2024 dataset, which is available as an open-source CSV dataset under public license on Kaggle. Quantitative and qualitative derived variables were created solely for research purposes.

\section*{Disclosure Statement}
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

\section*{Notes on Contributors}
Author 1 is a PhD Research Fellow in Communication and Security Studies, focusing on epistemic trust and digital witnessing. Author 2 is a Senior Lecturer in Media Ethics and International Law, researching institutional credibility and post-colonial justice communication.

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